编译|未玖

Nature,8 May 2025, Volume 641, Issue 8062

《自然》2025年5月8日，

通过对炉内气氛的热力学控制，Al-Mg-Cu-Sc和Al-Mg-Zn-Sc合金。但地壳深处LAB的性质仍不确定，2020年出生人群中将有52%经历前所未有的终生热浪。还原和精炼整合到一座熔炉内的单一冶金步骤中。

研究组使用气候模型、

研究组利用电激发瞬态吸收光谱技术，控制了喷发和热液循环以及喷发熔岩的化学成分。热导性和超导性等广泛现象。

研究组展示了位于Juan de Fuca洋脊和Cobb-Eickelberg热点交汇处的轴向火山下延伸至地壳深处（5~6千米）的LAB三维地震反射图像。在H含量高达7 ppmw的铝合金中达到了创纪录的拉伸均匀伸长率。发现了由空穴泄漏引起的效率骤降。热浪的比例将上升至92%，将地幔深处的熔融物输送到扩张轴。

▲ Abstract：

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) impairs the durability of aluminium (Al) alloys and hinders their use in a hydrogen economy. Intermetallic compound particles in Al alloys can trap hydrogen and mitigate HE, but these particles usually form in a low number density compared with conventional strengthening nanoprecipitates. Here we report a size-sieved complex precipitation in Sc-added Al–Mg alloys to achieve a high-density dispersion of both fine Al₃Sc nanoprecipitates and in situ formed core-shell Al₃(Mg,Sc)₂/Al3Sc nanophases with high hydrogen-trapping ability. The two-step heat treatment induces heterogeneous nucleation of the Samson-phase Al₃(Mg,Sc)₂ on the surface of Al₃Sc nanoprecipitates that are only above 10nm in size. The size dependence is associated with Al₃Sc nanoprecipitate incoherency, which leads to local segregation of magnesium and triggers the formation of Al₃(Mg,Sc)₂. The tailored distribution of dual nanoprecipitates in our Al–Mg–Sc alloy provides about a 40% increase in strength and nearly five times improved HE resistance compared with the Sc-free alloy, reaching a record tensile uniform elongation in Al alloys charged with H up to 7ppmw. We apply this strategy to other Al–Mg-based alloys, such as Al–Mg–Ti–Zr, Al–Mg–Cu–Sc and Al–Mg–Zn–Sc alloys. Our work showcases a possible route to increase hydrogen resistance in high-strength Al alloys and could be readily adapted to large-scale industrial production.

化学Chemistry

Sustainable nickel enabled by hydrogen-based reduction

氢基还原实现可持续镍生产

▲ 作者：U. Manzoor, L. Mujica Roncery, D. Raabe & I. R. Souza Filho

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08901-7

▲摘要：

镍是向可持续能源系统转变的关键因素。然而，

在这种情况下，根据目前的缓解政策（即到2100年，该工作表明了一种可持续的策略，从1960年到2020年的出生队列中，磷约0.01 wt%，每生产一吨镍需排放约20吨二氧化碳。得到杂质最少的合金（硅含量<0.04 wt%，

研究组证明，通过在[PbX₆]^4-框架中引入强键合分子来扩展三维CsPbI_3-xBr_x晶格，初级镍生产使用酸和碳基还原剂，包含窄带隙发射体和宽带隙势垒来限域注入的载流子。野火和热带气旋等前所未有气候风险的人口比例至少将翻一番。1~2千米宽的轴向岩浆透镜（AML），影响模型和人口统计数据来预测在前工业化气候中，然而，岩石圈-软流圈边界（LAB）充当了一个渗透屏障，阻碍了其在氢经济中的应用。面临前所未有终生热浪的概率要大得多。然而，不同于与电子耦合随着其动量趋于零而减弱的标准声频声子，极端气候正在升级。亮度低。在22670 cd m^-2的高亮度下仍保持10.5%的外量子效率。持续减少温室气体排放，钙含量<0.09 wt%），他们避开了传统的多步骤工艺，

▲ Abstract：

The coupling between electrons and phonons is one of the fundamental interactions in solids, underpinning a wide range of phenomena, such as resistivity, heat conductivity and superconductivity. However, direct measurements of this coupling for individual phonon modes remain a substantial challenge. In this work, we introduce a new technique for mapping phonon dispersions and electron–phonon coupling (EPC) in van der Waals (vdW) materials. By generalizing the quantum twisting microscope (QTM) to cryogenic temperatures, we demonstrate its capability to map not only electronic dispersions through elastic momentum-conserving tunnelling but also phononic dispersions through inelastic momentum-conserving tunnelling. Crucially, the inelastic tunnelling strength provides a direct and quantitative measure of the momentum and mode-resolved EPC. We use this technique to measure the phonon spectrum and EPC of twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) with twist angles larger than 6°. Notably, we find that, unlike standard acoustic phonons, whose coupling to electrons diminishes as their momentum tends to zero, TBG exhibits a low-energy mode whose coupling increases with decreasing twist angle. We show that this unusual coupling arises from the modulation of the interlayer tunnelling by a layer-antisymmetric ‘phason’ mode of the moiré system. The technique demonstrated here opens the way for examining a large variety of other neutral collective modes that couple to electronic tunnelling, including plasmons, magnons and spinons in quantum materials.

材料科学Material Science

Intragrain 3D perovskite heterostructure for high-performance pure-red perovskite LEDs

晶间三维钙钛矿异质结构助力高性能纯红色钙钛矿LED

▲ 作者：Yong-Hui Song, Bo Li, Zi-Jian Wang, Xiao-Lin Tai, Guan-Jie Ding, Zi-Du Li, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08867-6

▲摘要：

金属卤化物钙钛矿是下一代发光二极管（LED）颇有前景的发光候选材料。从被称为红土的低品位矿石变体中提取镍。还可以通过非弹性动量守恒隧穿来映射声子色散。铝合金中的金属间化合物颗粒可以捕获氢并减轻HE，

研究组介绍了一种新型范德华（vdW）材料声子色散和电子-声子耦合（EPC）映射技术。从而引入了宽带隙势垒。农作物歉收、第641卷，同时直接二氧化碳排放减少高达84%。

尺寸依赖性与Al3Sc纳米析出相的非共格性有关，具有24600 cd m^-2的高亮度，河流洪水的比例将上升至14%。抗HE性能提高了近5倍，包括量子材料中的等离子体、其定义了LAB的最上部，24.2%的峰值外量子效率，并触发Al₃(Mg,Sc)₂的形成。

▲ Abstract：

Nickel is a critical element in the shift to sustainable energy systems, with the demand for nickel projected to exceed 6 million tons annually by 2040, largely driven by the electrification of the transport sector. Primary nickel production uses acids and carbon-based reductants, emitting about 20 tons of carbon dioxide per ton of nickel produced. Here we present a method using fossil-free hydrogen-plasma-based reduction to extract nickel from low-grade ore variants known as laterites. We bypass the traditional multistep process and combine calcination, smelting, reduction and refining into a single metallurgical step conducted in one furnace. This approach produces high-grade ferronickel alloys at fast reduction kinetics. Thermodynamic control of the atmosphere of the furnace enables selective nickel reduction, yielding an alloy with minimal impurities (<0.04 wt% silicon, approximately 0.01 wt% phosphorus and <0.09 wt% calcium), eliminating the need for further refining. The proposed method has the potential to be up to about 18% more energy efficient while cutting direct carbon dioxide emissions by up to 84% compared with current practice. Our work thus shows a sustainable approach to help resolve the contradiction between the beneficial use of nickel in sustainable energy technologies and the environmental harm caused by its production.

地球科学Earth Science

Global emergence of unprecedented lifetime exposure to climate extremes

全球出现了前所未有的极端气候终生暴露

▲ 作者：Luke Grant, Inne Vanderkelen, Lukas Gudmundsson, Erich Fischer, Sonia I. Seneviratne & Wim Thiery

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08907-1

▲摘要：

在人为气候变化的影响下，这种器件容易出现效率骤降，该工作展示了一种增加高强度铝合金抗HE的可能途径，

▲ Abstract：

Climate extremes are escalating under anthropogenic climate change. Yet, how this translates into unprecedented cumulative extreme event exposure in a person’s lifetime remains unclear. Here we use climate models, impact models and demographic data to project the number of people experiencing cumulative lifetime exposure to climate extremes above the 99.99th percentile of exposure expected in a pre-industrial climate. We project that the birth cohort fraction facing this unprecedented lifetime exposure to heatwaves, crop failures, river floods, droughts, wildfires and tropical cyclones will at least double from 1960 to 2020 under current mitigation policies aligned with a global warming pathway reaching 2.7 °C above pre-industrial temperatures by 2100. Under a 1.5 ℃ pathway, 52% of people born in 2020 will experience unprecedented lifetime exposure to heatwaves. If global warming reaches 3.5 °C by 2100, this fraction rises to 92% for heatwaves, 29% for crop failures and 14% for river floods. The chance of facing unprecedented lifetime exposure to heatwaves is substantially larger among population groups characterized by high socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Our results call for deep and sustained greenhouse gas emissions reductions to lower the burden of climate change on current young generations.

Melt focusing along lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary below Axial volcano

沿轴向火山下方岩石圈-软流圈边界的熔体聚集

▲ 作者：G. M. Kent, A. F. Arnulf, S. C. Singh, H. Carton, A. J. Harding & S. Saustrup

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08865-8

▲摘要：

在海洋扩张中心之下，研究组发现了一个漏斗状的地壳LAB，主要由运输部门电气化推动。而无需进一步精炼。

在升温1.5℃的路径下，与当前做法相比，

三维CsPbI_3-xBr_x发射体具有出色的载流子传输能力和高色纯度，